NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

Mechanism of Action

NAD+ is a coenzyme present in all living cells that shuttles electrons in the redox reactions central to glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. It is also a consumed co-substrate for PARP enzymes during DNA base-excision repair and for sirtuins during protein deacetylation, linking cellular NAD+ availability to genome-stability maintenance and metabolic regulation. Cellular NAD+ levels decline with age. A systematic review of 8 randomized trials of the precursor NMN (342 participants) found no significant benefit on glucose, insulin, or lipid markers, and a separate review of 25 published human trials of the precursor NR concluded supplementation has shown few clinically relevant effects — an important gap between preclinical claims and confirmed human outcomes.

Research Literature